Nürnbergkoden efter 2. Verdenskrig
(godkendt 11. december 1946 af FN's Generalforsamling)
Regel nr.1
Det er absolut afgørende, at der indhentes frivilligt samtykke
fra det menneske, der er genstand for forsøget.
( Se
originaltekstens uddybende forklaring )
Regel nr.2
Eksperimentet skal være af en sådan art, at det kan yde
frugtbare resultater til gavn for samfundet – resultater der ikke kan opnås
ved andre metoder eller undersøgelsesformer – og må ikke have
en tilfældig eller unødvendig karakter.
Regel nr.3
Eksperimentet skal være således konstrueret og være
baseret på resultater fra dyreforsøg og på en viden
om det naturlige forløb af den givne sygdom eller andet problem,
der måtte være genstand for undersøgelse, at de forventede
resultater vil kunne retfærdiggøre udførelsen af eksperimentet.
Regel nr.4
Eksperimentet skal udføres på en sådan måde,
at unødvendig fysisk og psykisk lidelse og overlast undgås.
Regel nr.5
Intet eksperiment må udføres, hvor der er en a priori
grund til at antage, at eksperimentet vil medføre død eller
invaliditet undtagen måske i de eksperimenter, hvor de eksperimenterende
læger samtidig selv er forsøgsobjektet.
Regel nr.6
Graden af den risiko, der tages, må aldrig overskride graden
af den humanitære vægt, der lægges på det problem,
der skal løses ved eksperimentet.
Regel nr.7
Der skal foretages omhyggelige forberedelser og stilles passende faciliteter
til rådighed for at beskytte forsøgspersonen mod selv den
fjerneste mulighed for beskadigelse, invaliditet eller død.
Regel nr.8
Eksperimentet må kun udføres af videnskabeligt kvalificerede
personer. I alle stadier af eksperimentet kræves udvist den højeste
grad af professionalisme og omsorg af de personer, der forestår
eller medvirker i eksperimentet.
Regel nr.9
Under eksperimentet skal det stå forsøgspersonen frit for
at bringe eksperimentet til ophør, hvis vedkommende er kommet til
et sådant fysisk eller psykisk punkt, at en fortsættelse af
eksperimentet forekommer at være en umulighed.
Regel nr. 10
Under eksperimentet skal den ansvarlige forsøgsleder vaere rede
til at afslutte eksperimentet på et hvilket som helst stadium, hvis
vedkommende har sandsynlig grund til at antage – efter sin bedste overbevisning
– og ud fra den høje professionelle dygtighed og det omhyggelige
skøn, der kræves, at en fortsættelse formentlig vil
resultere i beskadigelse, invaliditet eller død for forsøgspersonen.
Oversat af cand.mag. Inge Balling-von Cappeln efter:
Nuremberg Code's 10 points: Nuremberg Military Tribunals, Trial of
War Criminals
(The Medical Case) 2:181-184,
U.S. Government Printing Office 1947
Fodnote:
Regel 1, på engelsk med en uddybende kommentar, som ikke er oversat.
The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential.
Uddybning af regel 1 på engelsk:
This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give
consent; should be so situated as to be able to exercise free power of
choice, without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit,
duress, over-reaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion;
and should have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements
of the subject matter involved as to enable him to make an understanding
and enlightened decision. This latter element requires that before the
acceptance of an affirmative decision by the experimental subject there
should be made known to him the nature, duration, and purpose of the experiment;
the method and means by which it is to be conducted; all inconveniences
and hazards reasonable to be expected; and the effects upon his health
or person which may possibly come from his participation in the experiment.
The duty and responsibility for ascertaining the quality of the consent
rests upon each individual who initiates, directs or engages in the experiment.
It is a personal duty and responsibility which may not be delegated to
another with impunity.
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Nüremberg War Code
1. The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential.
This means that the person involved should have legal capacity to give
consent; should be situated as to be able to exercise free power of choice,
without the intervention of any element of force, fraud, deceit, duress,
overreaching, or other ulterior form of constraint or coercion; and should
have sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the elements of the subject
matter involved as to enable him to make an understanding and enlightened
decision. This latter element requires that before the acceptance of an
affirmative decision by the experimental subject there should be made known
to him the nature, duration, and purpose of the experiment; the method
and means by which it is to be conducted; all inconveniences and hazards
reasonably to be expected; and the effects upon his health or person which
may possibly come from his participation in the experiment.
The duty and responsibility for ascertaining the quality of the consent rests
upon each individual who initiates, directs or engages in the experiment.
It is a personal duty and responsibility which may not be delegated to
another with impunity.
2. The experiment should be such as to yield fruitful results for
the good of society, unprocurable by other methods or means of study,
and not random and unnecessary in nature.
3. The experiment should be designed and based on the results of
animal experimentation and a knowledge of the natural history of the disease
or other problems under study that the anticipated results will justify
the performance of the experiment.
4. The experiment should be so conducted as to avoid all unnecessary
physical and mental suffering and injury.
5. No experiment should be conducted where there is an a prior
reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur except, perhaps,
in those experiments where the experimental physicians also serve as subjects.
6. The degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined
by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the experiment.
7. Proper preparations should be made and adequate facilities provided
to protect the experimental subject against even remote possibilities
of injury, disability, or death.
8. The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified
persons. The highest degree of skill and care should be required through
all stages of the experiment of those who conduct or engage in the experiment.
9. During the course of the experiment the human subject should
be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end if he has reached the
physical or mental state where continuation of the experiment seems to
him to be impossible.
10. During the course of the experiment the scientist in charge
must be prepared to terminate the experiment in any stage, if he has probable
cause to believe, in the exercise of the good faith, superior skill and
careful judgment required of him that a continuation of the experiment
is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental
subject.
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